★art  n. 艺术
art student 艺术系的学生
English student 学英语的学生
student of England
英国学生
artist　艺术家
artiste 艺人
art gallery 艺术画廊
black art 巫术

★critic  n. 评论家
criticise v. 批评，批判
criticism n. 批评，批判
critical  adj. 挑剔的
critically adv. 爱挑剔的
He criticised my painting.
You are critical.

★paint  v. 画
draw a picture 用线条画
paint a picture　强调油画
painting
oil painting
Chinese painting 中国国画
Beijing opera 国戏，京剧

★pretend  v. 假装
pretend to do something
When his mother came in,the baby pretended to go to sleep.
pretend that...

★pattern  n. 图案
pattern drills
pattern 模式，典范

★curtain  n. 窗帘，幕布

★material  n. 材料
listening material 听力材料

★appreciate  v. 鉴赏
enjoy 欣赏
enjoy the music
　　I like poems.
　　I love...
　　I enjoy...得到乐趣
　　I appreciate...　程度一个比一个深
　　appreciate something
    appreciate doing sth
    I appreciate your help.
    我很感激你的帮助

★notice  v. 注意到
pay attention to 思想上的注意
I notice the boy. 细节上的注意
I notice the beauty spot.

★whether  conj. 是否
If 在表示是否的时候可以被whether所取代
If在表示如果的时候不可以用whether取代
If it will rain...
Whether it will rain...
Whether it will rain or not...
I wondered if it will rain.
Whether he is mad or not.

★hang  v. 悬挂，吊
hang  hanged  hanged  绞死
hang  hung    hung 　 悬挂
The thief was hanged.
The coat was hung.

★critically  adv. 批评地

★upside down 上下颠倒地　　两个同样的发音连在一起时，前边的音省去不读

    First listen and then answer the question.
    听录音，然后回答以下问题。
    Who is the student's best critic?

    I am an art student and I paint a lot of pictures. Many people pretend that they understand modern art. They always tell

you what a picture is 'about'. Of course, many pictures are not 'about' anything. They are just pretty patterns. We like them

in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better

than anyone else. They notice more. My sister is only seven, but she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. She

came into my room yesterday.
    'What are you doing?' she asked.
    'I'm hanging this picture on the wall,' I answered. 'It's a new one. Do you like it?'
    She looked at it critically for a moment. 'It's all right,' she said, 'but isn't it upside down?'
    I looked at it again. She was right! It was!

参考译文

    我是个学艺术的学生，画了很多画。有很多人装成很懂现代艺术的样子，总是告诉你一幅画的“意思”是什么。当然，有很多画是什么“

意思”也没有的。它们就是些好看的图案，我们喜爱它们就像我们喜欢漂亮的窗帘布一样。我觉得小孩子们往往比任何人都更能欣赏现代绘画

，他们观察到的东西更多。我的妹妹只有7岁，但她总能说出我的画是好还是坏。昨天她到我房里来了。

【课文讲解】

They always tell you what a picture is about.
tell you 后是what 引导的宾语从句
just 仅仅，表强调
We like them...
them 指 pictures
pretty curtain material 漂亮的窗帘布
In the same way that
In a way　以某种方式
The son walked in the same way that his father walked.
I love you in the same way that I love my father.
I love you just in the same way that I love money.
make an appointment
When will it be conveniet for you?
I like something.
I like something very much.
I like something better.
I like something best.
I like water best.
I like water better.
I like water very much.
else跟在anyone,anything 的后面
who else,what else
They can appreciate modern arts best.
better than anyone else 表示最高级的含义
The teacher is the tallest.
The teacher is taller than anyone else.
The book is more expensive than anything else.
They notice more.
Whether ...or not= if
picture on the wall
isn't it upside down? 是否定疑问句
It isn't a fine day.
It is bad weather.
Is it bad weather?
Isn't it bad weather?
Aren't you lucky? 你真幸运
否定疑问句起肯定作用...
Isn't it a boy?

【Composition】

I looked at the picture. 不用watch是因为它是移动的
call是称之为；　name是给它取一个名字

【Letter writing】
信头上是没有名字的
门牌号码应该放在最前边

【Key structures】

appear的反义词disappear
resemble相似，类似
和人的情绪相连，跟人的状态相连，跟人的思维活动相连的动词都不用进行时态。

【Speech marks】
引导在英文当中第一次出现是单引号，第二次出现是双引号，英文当中的书名号用
引号来替代

【Summary writing】

5.
Young children appreciate modern paintings better than others.
They notice more.
not only ...but ...as well.
as well 放在句子结尾，且可以省略
Young children是共同的部分
Young children not only appreciate modern paintings better than others,
but notice more.
not only...but...
连接的是两组谓语动词

7.
or 否则，或者
upside down 与right way to 意思相反

【Multiple choice questions】

12.  C
4.  
考特殊疑问句的间接引语是什么
陈述句的间接引语以that引导
What time is it?
How old are you?
变成以　He asked me . 形式
He asked me what time it was.
He asked me how old I was.
疑问句的直接引语变间接引语要注意
⑴　特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词引导
⑵　时态。
　　主句的谓语动词是过去时时，其从句的谓语动词应为相对应的时态。
⑶　疑问句变成间接引语时，要变成陈述句语序。
　陈述句语序：主语在动词前边。
⑷　人称的变化
Is it nine o'clock? /He asked me.
if/whether 是否
He asked me if/whether it was nine o'clock.

.4.
tell me 要求间接引语
Tell me what it is about.
注意使用陈述句语序。
What about 中about 是介词，后接名词或动词的ing形式，不接句子
What about it?
Tell me后要求陈述句语序

.5.没有一个答案是对的
主句为一般现在时，从句可以为任意形式
or not是否，that表示肯定
直接引语变间接引语的连接词有３种：
⑴陈述句中的that;
⑵一般疑问句中的if／whether;
⑶特殊疑问句中的特殊疑问词
if不可以与or not 连用

.6.Ｄ
A 缺名词
B 缺名词或位置错误
C 缺冠词
one 可以作代词，还可以作数词

.10.
根据句子意思，选Ｄ．

.9.　Ｂ
clothes 衣服
cloth　布

.11.
在此句中，notice=observe

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Lesson 27
               A wet night
                  雨夜
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语

★tent  n. 帐篷

★field  n. 田地，田野
airfield 飞机场（介词用on）
in the field
in one's field 在...领域
He is an expert in his field.
football field 足球场地

★smell  v. 闻起来
smell　作半联系动词，接表语，接形容词
The food smelt good.
感官动词
You look fine.
You look better.
You look beautiful.
taste 尝起来
The food smelt good,and it tasted better.
sound 听起来
look taste sound smell feel
feel；⑴感到　I feel ill.
      ⑵用手的感受，The blackbroad felt cold.

★wonderful  adj. 极好的
Great !  Excellent !   brilliant   fantastic
She is an excellent teacher.
outstanding

★campfire  n. 营火，篝火
fire 可数也不可数

★creep  v. 爬行
climb the tree.  climb up or down
crawl / The baby is crawling on the floor.
creep out 蹑手蹑脚
climb crawl creep

★sleeping bag  睡袋
passing plane 正在路过的飞机
动词加ing 变成形容词作定语有二个意思：
⑴ 正在...
⑵ 用来做...
sleeping bag/sleeping dog
listening material
walking stick　拐杖

★comfortable  adj. 舒适的，安逸的

★soundly  adv. 香甜地
sleep soundly
go to beg/go to sleep/fall asleep坠入梦乡／sleep well/sleep deeply
fast/fall fast asleep

★leap  v. 跳跃，跳起
leap/jump
jump up and down原地跳跃
leap 跳跃，有距离
skip Let us skip it?
Look before you leap.三思而后行
leap year/month 闰年／月

★heavily  adv. 大量地
rain/snow heavily   He smokes heavily.
smoke heavily

★stream  n. 小溪

★form  v. 形成

★wind  v. 蜿蜒
wind one's way 蜿蜒而行
The road winds its way.

★right  adv. 正好
强调作用
right 做副词时强调后边的形容词，副词，介词短语，不强调动词
用just来替换
just like/just as
后边加代词时只能用just.   just you
Right here.
Right here waiting for you.
in the garden
I found my lost watch right in the graden.

    First listen and then answer the question.
    听录音，然后回答以下问题。
    What happened to the boys in the night?

    Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal

over an open fire. They were all hungry and the food smelled good. After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs

by the campfire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their

tent. Their sleeping bags were warm and comfortable, so they all slept soundly. In the middle of the night, two boys woke up

and began shouting. The tent was full of water! They all leapt out of their sleeping bags and hurried outside. It was raining

heavily and they found that a stream had formed in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and then flowed right

under their tent!

参考译文
  
    傍晚时分，孩子们在田野中央搭起了帐篷。这件事刚刚做完，他们就在篝火上烧起了饭。他们全都饿了，饭菜散发出阵阵香味。他们美美

地吃了一顿饭后，就围在营火旁讲起了故事，唱起了歌。但过了一阵子。天下起雨来，于是他们扑灭了篝火，钻进了帐篷。睡袋既暖和又舒服

，所以，他们都睡得很香。午夜前后，有两个孩子醒了，大声叫了起来。原来帐篷里到处都是水！他们全都跳出睡袋，跑到外面。雨下得很大

，他们发现地上已经形成了一条小溪。那小溪弯弯曲曲穿过田野，然后正好从他们的帐篷底下流过去。

【课文讲解】
注意句型：在．．．之后

wet 发义词是　dry
汉语与英文只有意义的对等，没有字的对等
wet.... 湿淋淋的
My idea is the same as yours.
I agree with you.
I think so.
You are wet.
英文中表示＂湿＂的词：
wet/damp不舒服/moist
moist：稍湿　　　moist cake 松软的蛋糕　　moist eyes 水灵灵的眼睛
humid 指气候比较潮湿
A rainy night...多雨的夜晚
Late in the afternoon.傍晚
early in the morning 　清早
put up 搭建／强调搭
build 建／强调精心设计并且建造
make a desk
build a car
in the middle of 在...中间
in the center of 在...中心
in the middle of the river 河中心
midnight 　午夜
the mid-autumn day 中秋节
as soon as  一...就... /当...
open fire  在野外生的火，篝火
over 垂直的上面
cook a meal 做一顿饭
显示＂在...之后＂的句式
after+从句／doing
with a bag
in sweater
After I arrived,
When the plane arrived,
after the arrival of the plane
After my arrival
After his arrival, we have a party.
After the arrival of the flowers,I took them and went to my girlfriend's
tell story 讲故事
by 在...旁边　　near/beside/at/by
at the door
sit at the table
by the river
next to
He sits next to me.
who is the next?
紧邻着
the next door to my house
near 在附近
beside/next to 与...相邻
at the door 紧挨着
near the village
next to /beside the village
at the table
by the river
some time later 一段时间之后　　some time ago 一段时间以前
a few hours earlier
put out 人为的熄灭火
be out 火自动熄灭
I put out the fire.
The fire is out.
in the middle of the night=midnight
at midnight 在午夜
wake up 醒来　　主语自己醒
wake sb up 唤醒
begin doing/start doing/begin to do/start to do
leap out of 跳出来
如果强调某东西自动形成，则可以用主动态，如果强调某东西是人为的，用被动态
When I'm getting close to the door,the door opened.
The door opened.
The door was opened.
river formed
The bus stopped 自动的
The bus was stopped 人为的
wound one's way 蜿蜒而行
flow 流淌
flow/flowed/flowed
fly/flew/flown
grow/grew/grown
blow/blew/blown

right 正好，恰好，强调后边的介词短语

【Letter writing】

先写最小单位
给国外的人写信是才写国名

【Composition】
so/and/knock／hurts/met
knock 大声地撞
against 相对作用的力
I have a pain
My hand hurts.
I have a pain in my hand.

【Special difficulties】

动词加介词或副词起改变put的含义的作用
put up with 容忍
put up  搭建
put out...扑灭
put on 穿上
put away 把...收好
Your room is untidy,put your things away.
put off 推延

Exercise
1.put...away
2.put...up 安排住宿
3.put...on
4.put...down记下
5.putting...out
6.put up  spoil 毁坏
7.put off推延
8.put up with    get divorce 离婚

【Multiple choice question】

6.b
beside 　在...旁边
besides　除...之外
my closest friends
close to 表示离...最近
close to me 离我很近
at the door; at the window; at the table

9.d   The fire was out.
be on 上演，亮着的
What's on in the cinema today?
The lights were on last night.
switch n.开关
　　　 v.用开关
on fire 起火
alight 以a开头的形容词为表语形容词

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Lesson 28
               No parking
                禁止停车
【New words and expressions】 生词和短语

★rare  adj. 罕见的
rare animal 稀有动物
rare bird  珍稀鸟类
rare illness 疑难杂症
scarce 少有的
Watermelon is scarce in winter.
coconut 椰子
steak 牛排
　　　well done 全熟
　　　medium　　半生半熟的
　　　rare　　　几乎是生的

★ancient  adj. 古代的，古老的
ancient Egypt 古埃及
antique 古董，古老而有价值的

★myth  n. 神话故事
fairy 神仙故事

★trouble  n. 麻烦
woman/man troubles
child troubles
never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you
永远不要自寻烦恼
Let sleeping dog lie. 不要自找麻烦。
ask for trouble 
He is asking for trouble.
I'm sorry to put you in trouble. 我很抱歉给你带来麻烦（口语）
have trouble in doing sth
I have trouble (in) parking the car.
I have a lot of trouble parking the car.

★effect  n. 结果，效果
have an effect 有效果
have no effect 没有效果
have effect on 对...有效果
The advice has no effect on me.

★Medusa  n. 美杜莎（古希腊神话中3位蛇发女怪这一）

★Gorgon  n. （古希腊神话中的）3位蛇发女怪这一（凡见其貌者都会变成石头）

    First listen and then answer the question.
    听录音，然后回答以下问题。
    What is Jasper White's problem?

    Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths. he has just bought a new house in the city, but

ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home at night, he always finds that

someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even

once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone

head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was

Medusa, the Gorgon. jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone

yet!

参考译文

    贾斯珀.怀特是少有的相信古代神话的人之一。他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了磨擦。当他夜里回

到家时，总是发现有人把车停在他家大门外。为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。贾斯珀曾把几块“禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外

边，但没有任何效果。现在他把一个丑陋的石雕头像放在了大门上边，这是我见过的最丑陋的头像之一。我问他那是什么？他告诉我那是蛇发

女怪美杜莎。贾斯珀希望她把汽车和车主们都变成石头。但到目前为止还没有一个变成石头呢！

【课文讲解】

one of 其中之一
one of the students
believe in 信任；信仰

关系代词：who,whom,which,that
关系代词后面要加从句
先行词是主句和从句共同有的一个词
I have a book that/which he likes.
关系代词有两个功能：一是承上，一是启下
The boy is my brother.
The boy is standing at the door.
The boy who is standing at the door is my brother.
I can do anything I can to help you.
I can do anything that I can do.
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths.
who 在这是关系词，起承上启下的作用
believe 用在people之后应该用复数对待
who 在从句中指代的是单数，就用单数对待，在从句中指代的是复数就用复数对待
如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后边的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词
如果在one of前面还有一修饰词only,那么后边的关系代词将指代one这个词
He is the only one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
one of 直接作主语的时候，它是做单数看待的
One of the answers is ture.
One of those people is good.
ever since=since
have trouble doing 做...有麻烦
have trouble with sb. 和某人相处有麻烦
I have trouble with my roommate.
in the morning 每天早晨
in the afternoon　每天下午
at night　每天晚上
park a car 停车
because of 由于
because 的后面加句子
because of 的后面加词
be able to 的主语一般都是人，表示有能力去做
get his car into his garage.
I drove the car into the wall.
I drove the car into the tree.
drive the car into 把车子撞上某地
get sth into 把...弄进
even once
put up 张贴
put up the pictures on the wall 在墙上贴画
not any = no
on 接触在上面
over 悬挂在上面
one of后面加可数名词的复数
I have ever seen 做定语从句，修饰前边的faces
如果关系词在从句中做宾语，关系词口语省略，所以 I 前的which被省略
This is the most difficult thing I have ever done.
This is the most terrible news I have ever heard.
有两个结构一定是最高级
１．of+范围
２．in+地点
He is the tallest in the room.
３．I have ever 从句
hope 的后面加that从句
turn sth to 把前者变成后者
turn the prince to a frog
He was turned to a frog
turn cars and their owner to stone
none of,neither of做主语时做单数看待
先行词：放在定语从句前面，而且是两句话共同含有的词，还是被定语从句修饰的词
定语从句：句子做定语，一般放在被修饰词后面
四个关系代词：
who;whom;which;that
who 在从句当中做主语或做宾语
whom 只能在从句当中做宾语
which 指物，即可以做主语，又可以做宾语
that 即可以指物，又可以指人，即可以做主语，又可以做宾语

【Special difficulties】

whose 后面一定要加一个名词，然后这个部分共同做主语或宾语
The boy whose sister is standing at the door is my brother.
The pilot whose plane landed in a field was not hurt.
land 着陆
He is the right person I am looking for.

【Structure】(47页)

3. Our neighbour,...name is Charles Alison,will sail tomorrow.
(a) whose  √ (b) whose his   (c) his   (d) of whom
whose 在这儿等于his
his是物主代词，whose是关系代词
关系代词可以引导定语从句，物主代词不可以引导定语从句
做主语，宾语的关系代词有 who，whom,which,that
只有whose做定语

5.His boat,...is 'Topsail‘，is famouse.
(a) whose the name       (b)   the whose name  
(c) of whom the name     (d)   the name of which   √
冠词和形容词性物主代词不能并存
不会说of sth the name
而会说the name of sth
介词后边加的是介词宾语
that不能直接出现在介词后边

复习28课的语法
定语从句
关系代词可以有四个概念：
1.代人的，做主语或宾语who
          只做宾语的whom
2.代物的，做主语或宾语  which
3.代人的也可以代物的  做主语或宾语 that
4.whose其代表的东西由其在句子中的成分决定
The boat whose name is...
翻译练习：
我有一个房子，房子的窗户都破了。
I have a house whose windows are broken.
介词后不可以用that
I have a book I am interested in。
I have a book that I am interested in.

Exersise

The only game...I play are football and tennis.
1.不填   如果要填只能是that
先行词如果用only，序数词，形容词最高级修饰，其后边的关系词只用that
2.He is the only student...understand English well.
 that

3.He is writer...books are seldom read.
  whose

4.This is the hotel at...we are staying
  which
介词后加物的话，只加which,加人的话，用whom，都不可用that
She is the gril。I stayed with her.
She is the girl with whom I stayed.
This is the hotel which we are staying at
That is the house.I live in the house.
That is the house in which I live.

5.Is this the money...you lost? 不填

6.That is the horse...won the race.
从句中少主语
选which ,that 不能用
句子中用词避免重复
谁是那个正在帮助你的人？
Who is the man that is helping you?

7. He is the sort of person...everyone admires.
person 是先行词，在从句中做宾语
不填
总结：
在做翻译或阅读时，先找句子的主干，剩下的是各修饰成分
考定语从句时，备选答案更加难以选出，要仔细分辨，再复习一下这七道题

【Multiple choice】

6.
这是我所见过的最干净的街道了。
This is the cleanest street I have ever seen.
答案：Ｄ　
此句是用比较级来表达最高级的概念
better than anything else 最好
The teacher is the tallest in the room.
The teacher is taller than anyone else in the room.
I have never seen a taller one.
I have never bought a more expensive one.

7.
课文中为　none of
No 是形容词，后加名词
no one =nobody
不定代词后不用of
可以用的有：neither of/none of/both of/all of
none of =not one of

9.
rarely=seldom 几乎不
10.
选 D.
not all 不是所有的
Not all students are good.
Not all children are naughty.
12.
have effect 有效果
影响　　effect  .n.
        affect  .v.

【Composition】
drives/driven/and/do not deserve/criticizes